The development of all life has been the development of a single organism. In the early earth, near hydrothermal vents, there was a pre-biotic metabolic network, running on iron sulfide. This was not what we consider an organism, it would’ve been divided into multiple ‘pots’ each producing intermediates in the cycles that eventually became our metabolic system. Life originated as an entire ecosystem-level metabolic network, where each part worked in tandem to create the complex chemicals needed to form the first proto-cell.
In the incredibly hot water of hydrothermal vents, these proto- cells needed a way to stop their genetic material from being damaged, or to replace it when it is damaged. This lead to the evolution of lateral gene transfer, a system where two microbes that are near each other will give each other some genetic material. This makes both organisms more likely to survive by replacing degraded genetic material, and introducing genetic diversity.
One effect of this is that archaea and bacteria will get close to each other, and form positive symbiotic relationships. You need to have contact to exchange genetic material, and archaea are larger than bacteria, which leads to archaea developing the ability to form ‘nubs’ (little extensions of their cellular membrane which hold the bacterium in place). After some time, the nubs of the archaea could grow large enough that they engulfed the bacterium, becoming the nucleus of the first eukaryotic cell, while the bacterium became mitochondria. Eukaryotic life has the unique ability to form membrane-bound organelles, which are far more efficient than the proteins haphazardly floating around in prokaryotes. This allows for eukaryotes to grow in complexity, and work with each other more closely than prokaryotes, which allowed for the development of multicellular life.
After the evolution of multicellularity, creatures have more ability to specialize certain cells into doing certain things, this gives an advantage over other cells. Eventually, creatures like siphonophores come into existence. Siphonophores are made out of many individual clones of one original multi-cellular organism, allowing the different parts of the siphonophore (colony?) to specialize into doing different things. It’s one organism made
out of many independent organisms, each with their own roles. This same transition from a multicellular organism to a colonial
superorganism happened in ants, termites, etc. And I would argue that humans are in the early stages of becoming one such superorganism.
In the future, I view it as inevitable that all life will amalgamate into a single superorganism, where each part is individual, and collective at the same time. Soon we will see the emergence of a global organic mind, which processes all information on the planet and co-ordinates global ecology.
