I meant to ask where that energy comes from if entropies remain the same but reaction requires less energy
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The โextra energyโ comes from the reaction being more โefficientโ when enzymes are around.
Without them, it takes more time (and energy) to have something happen to a molecule of interest. If they are present, they can (and generally do) interact with the molecules theyโre โpairedโ with, causing the reaction we want to see to occur more easily than if there were no enzymes, reducing the needed energy input.
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How does a tidally locked world which is hot enough for the substellar point to be a magma ocean work?
Itโs a interesting idea.
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The real close example about something similar is Io - the moon tidally locked of Jupiter.
Itโs not a close-in substellar, but itโs close enough to be the most volcanically active in our solar system.
but if u want that magma ocean will work, bascly need some HUGE temp different. and by that, mean that or the Plant its donโt have any heat contactors like atmosphere (that why the moon have 120 C - -120 C different ) or you need a big rocky planet that not all the heat will contact to the other side.
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I suppose it would just need to be close enough to itโs star. Thatโs the most likely way for such a lava eyeball to form I think.
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like this one.
Dark gray - clouds completety obstruct view of the planet.
Light gray - clouds partially obstruct view of the planet.
White - clouds canโt exist.
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Why would only certain strips of the planet be obscured by the clouds? (Like how on the image only the โsidesโ of the planet are shown as being under their shadows)
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Because in the hot enviroment of the 2 hotter layers, carbon dioxide and many other chemicals are gaseous, creating clouds which are generated constantly and due to the specific area that theyโre generated, the clouds are thick enough to obscure the land and lava undercover.
Well, itโs a design choice to make it clearer for the amount of cloud cover.
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Arenโt clouds (or their visible parts at least) made of non-gaseous material though?
But thereโs gas giants for example, which contain gaseous ammonia clouds or even water vapor as the main gas. The thing could be said for the carbon dioxide majorty clouds of the hypothetical planet.
Though itโs actually supercritical fluid since itโs subjected to extreme pressures and temperatures, making the atmosphere very thick, this could be a replacement for clouds.
(Once it goes from the hot magma zone to the much colder and pressure-low regions, it becomes a gas, trapping heat from the sun.)
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I think the produced gas could make the milder zones unhabitable for most forms of lifeโฆ
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But some bacteria do metabolize hydrofluoric, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, materials ejected by active volcanoes, so thereโs possibility that life exists, using it to gain their energy or resist it.
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Could they eat more than what the lava iris is spewing though?
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I think it does end up in the atmsophere, not all being eaten by the microbes.
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So would the terminator eventually find itself in a volcanic ash coating?
Speack of the devil
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Nice finding! I will put this on my reading list.
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I wonder what would happen if an โice planetโ found itself close to a starโฆ Would it turn into a mega-comet?
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It would depend on the composition of the Ice Planet in question. If it has more ice composition, similar to a KBO like the (Dwarf) Planet Pluto, then yes, it would turn into a mega/giga-comet. It is now believed Ceres might have been originally a KBO based on the remains of Ammonia Ice found on its surface. If the Ice Planet has as a lot more Silica/rock, akin to a Snowball Earth, then the ice would all evaporate before becoming scorched.
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How bright could such a megacomet even be?
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